Today, almost all ferroalloys are produced in submerged arc furnaces (Fig. 1.1), where raw materials (ores), reductants (coke, silicon-based ferroalloys, aluminum), iron additions (iron ore or steel scrap), and fluxes (lime, magnesia, dolomite, limestone, fluorspar, etc.) are loaded and smelted, followed by the tapping of slag and metal.
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