Manganese is a silver metallic element with an atomic number of 25 and a chemical symbol of Mn. It is not found as an element in nature. It occurs in many minerals such as manganite, purpurite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, and pyrolusite. It is also found in many mineraloids such as psilomelane and wad. See full list on Many people would correctly respond that steel is made of iron. Far fewer know that it is also made of manganese. Although the amount of manganese used to make a ton of steel is small, it is just as essential as iron to produce this fundamental building block of modern societies. See full list on Manganese constitutes roughly 0.1 percent of the Earths crust, making it the 12th most abundant element. Its early use was mainly in pigments and oxidants in chemical processes. The significance of manganese to human societies exploded with the development of modern steelmaking technology in the 1860s. Manganese is essential and irreplaceable in steelmaking, and its global mining industry is dominated by just a few nations. It is therefore considered to be one of the most critical mineralmodities for the United States. See full list on Manganese is used also as an alloy with metals such as aluminum and copper. Imude battery cathodes, soft ferrites used in electronics, micronutrients in fertilizers, micronutrients in animal feed, water treatment chemicals, colorant for automobile undercoating, bricks, frits, glass, textiles, and tiles. The product manganese violet is used for the coloration of plastics, powder coatings, artist glazes, and cosmetics. See full list on Elemental manganese readilybines with oxygen, carbon, and silicon to form a long list of manganese minerals. Manganese ores generally contain 25 to 45 percent manganese, mostly in oxide (or hydroxide) and carbonate minerals. See full list on Manganese ores are widespread, but most of the worlds supply is from a small number of manganese mining districts. Most manganese ores are from extensive layers of manganese-rich sedimentary rocks that formed in ancient oceans under specialized conditions. These occurred when changes in the oxidation state of ocean water first caused high concentrations of dissolved manganese and later precipitated various manganese minerals that became concentrated on the seabed. These layers are now found within the bedrock of continents. See full list on Some researchers speculate that plots of seafloor could be harvested, left fallow, then harvested again decades into the future. Parts of the world's seafloor might produce a sustainable yield of ferromanganese ore. See full list on Important amounts of ferromanganese imports are from South Africa, China, Ukraine, and the Republic of Korea. Silanganese is imported from South Africa, Georgia, Norway, and Australia. Demand for manganese historically closely follows steel production and is expected to do so in the future. See full list on Although there are large resources of manganese-enriched rock in the United States, mostly in Maine and Minnesota, their manganese content is substantially below manganese ores readily available from other parts of the world, so they are presently uneconomic to mine. See full list on Globally, there is no shortage of manganese ore. Land-based manganese deposits are dominated by the great Kalahari manganese district of South Africa, which accounts for roughly 70 percent of known manganese resources of the world (reserves plus identified material that has yet to be fully proven to be economic). As a result, South Africa is expected to continue to play a domit role in global manganese supply well into the future. Should deep seabed mining be economic, the sources of manganese ore could significantly shift from land to ocean. The estimated manganese nodule resource dwarfs land-based resources and could greatly diversify worldwide manganese sources. Much of the resource is in international waters. Substantial seabed manganese resources also occur within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and are entirely under United States jurisdiction. See full list on
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